Creatine as biomarker

DRIs

Creatine can be identified in a variety of biological samples, such as urine, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid. Several reference ranges for Cr have been established by different authors, and all agreed with the fact that plasma Cr is age dependent, decreasing its concentration with age.

Pharmacokinetics of dietary creatine

GLOBAL

Evidence suggests that creatine pharmacokinetics are nonlinear with respect to dose size and frequency. Skeletal muscle, the largest depot of creatine, has a finite capacity to store creatine. As such, when these stores are saturated, both volume of distribution and clearance can decrease, thus leading to complex pharmacokinetic situations.

EFSA opinion: health claims on creatine

REGULATORY

This opinion addresses the scientific substantiation of health claims in relation to creatine and increase in physical performance during short-term, high intensity, repeated exercise bouts, increase in endurance capacity, and increase in endurance performance. The scientific substantiation is based on the information provided by the Member States in the consolidated list of Article 13 health claims and references that EFSA has received from Member States or directly from stakeholders.

EFSA claim: creatine, attention and memory

REGULATORY

On the basis of the data presented, the Panel concludes that the food constituent, creatine, which is the subject of the health claims, is sufficiently characterized. A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of creatine and increased attention. A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of creatine and improvement of memory.

Efficacy of novel forms of creatine

FOOD VEHICLES

Supplement manufacturers have continually introduced newer forms of creatine into the marketplace. These newer forms have been purported to have better physical and chemical properties, bioavailability, efficacy, and/or safety profiles than creatine monohydrate. However, there is little to no evidence that any of the newer forms of creatine are more effective and/or safer than creatine monohydrate whether ingested alone and/or in combination with other nutrients.

Absorption of creatine: drink, meat or solid

FOOD VEHICLES

Creatine ingested as a lozenge (crushed in the mouth and swallowed) or as a crystalline suspension in ice cold water resulted in a 20% lower peak concentration and 30-35% smaller area under the plasma creatine concentration curve than the same dose administered in solution.

Creatine synthesis, chemistry and legal status

FOOD VEHICLES

Creatine crystallizes from water as monoclinic prisms holding one molecule of water of crystallisation per molecule of creatine. The crystals easily loose this water of crystallisation at around 100 C. The solubility of creatine in water increases with temperature and the correlation between solubility and temperature is almost linear.

EFSA opinion: creatine for use in FPNU

REGULATORY

Provided high purity creatine monohydrate is used in foods for particular nutritional uses, the Panel considers that the consumption of doses of up to 3 g/day of supplemental creatine, similar to the daily turnover rate of creatine, is unlikely to pose any risk.

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