The branched-chain amino acids, creatine, lysine, 2-aminobutyrate, glutamine, glycine, trimethylamine, and 1 unidentified metabolite were among the most important metabolites in the discriminating patterns in relation to intake of both meat and other animal products.
Recent findings strongly suggest that the capacity of renal AGAT, and thus endogenous creatine production, progressively decreases with the increasing degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD), to become absent or virtually absent in dialysis patients. We hypothesize that with increasing degree of CKD, creatine coming from meat and dairy in food increasingly becomes an essential nutrient.
This policy guidance document serves as a resource for those responsible for food fortification policy development and programme implementation. Its overarching aim is to help countries achieve the target public health outcomes that are established by stakeholders at the outset of food fortification programmes.
Previous risk assessments (AESAN, 2012; EFSA, 2004; SCF, 2000; VKM, 2010) all concluded
that creatine supplementation with 3.0 g/day is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in
adults. This is supported by human and animal data obtained in a literature search and
assessed in the present report.
Metabolite super-pathways affected by meat consumption were primarily amino acids, in particular creatine, trans-4-hydroxyproline and pyroglutamine. We report a novel association between reported red meat intake and trans-4-hydroxyproline, an amino acid that forms part of the collagen structure with elevated levels observed following gelatin consumption. We also identified a unique association between reported intakes of red meat and poultry and circulating creatine levels, of which red meat is the major source and vegetarians have lower blood levels.
On the basis of the data presented, the Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of creatine in combination with resistance training andimprovement in muscle strength in adults over the age of 55.
The daily requirement of a 70-kg male for creatine is about 2 g; up to half of this may be obtained from a typical omnivorous diet, with the remainder being synthesized in the body Creatine is a carninutrient, which means that it is only available to adults via animal foodstuffs, principally skeletal muscle, or via supplements. Infants receive creatine in mother’s milk or in milk-based formulas.
Creatine can be identified in a variety of biological samples, such as urine, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid. Several reference ranges for Cr have been established by different authors, and all agreed with the fact that plasma Cr is age dependent, decreasing its concentration with age.
Evidence suggests that creatine pharmacokinetics are nonlinear with respect to dose size and frequency. Skeletal muscle, the largest depot of creatine, has a finite capacity to store creatine. As such, when these stores are saturated, both volume of distribution and clearance can decrease, thus leading to complex pharmacokinetic situations.
This opinion addresses the scientific substantiation of health claims in relation to creatine and increase in physical performance during short-term, high intensity, repeated exercise bouts, increase in endurance capacity, and increase in endurance performance. The scientific substantiation is based on the information provided by the Member States in the consolidated list of Article 13 health claims and references that EFSA has received from Member States or directly from stakeholders.