Higher estimated intramuscular creatine concentrations are strongly associated with lower all-cause mortality in females, with a weaker trend in males.
Our findings challenge the prevailing notion that dietary creatine universally enhances hydration. While moderate intake from regular foods appears to have a neutral effect, higher intake levels may disrupt systemic fluid balance.
This study identifies GAA as a potential metabolic biomarker for frailty. Higher GAA levels are associated with lower frailty odds and provide predictive value for a lower likelihood of frailty progression.
Findings suggest that food-derived creatine does not pose a risk of kidney stress, even for individuals with kidney failure, and might be considered a renoprotective nutrient.
These findings suggest that creatine metabolism is largely dependent on precursor amino acid intake and that certain populations, particularly older adults, may be at higher risk for reduced creatine availability.
Legislation restricting the sale of creatine-containing products to children and adolescents is not based on scientific evidence which strongly supports the importance of creatine in the diet and its safety as a supplement.